How to raise ph in pool - To raise the pH level in a pool, you can use either baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) or soda ash (sodium carbonate). You should add these in stages until the pH is between 7.2 and 7.6. Adding too much, too quickly, can adversely affect your pool. Even when pool maintenance is carried out properly, the pH levels can still drop to dangerous ...

 
Apr 25, 2022 · 8 Likely Causes for High pH in a Pool. There are dozens of possible reasons for rising pH in your pool, but many of them are unlikely at best. Here are the most common reasons: 1. You Recently Shocked Your Pool. Shocking your pool is a necessary part of your regular maintenance schedule. It “resets” your water’s sanitizing power by .... Download fanfiction

The pool water is too acidic now. That means you balance it with alkaline substances. Raise pool pH with borax, soda ash or aerate the water. Washing soda and ...Mar 15, 2023 · Fountain: A fountain is a decorative aeration method that can also help to increase the pH level in the pool. It works by spraying water into the air, which helps to increase the oxygen content in the water and hence the pH level. Air Stone: An air stone is a small porous stone that is connected to an air pump. 1. The Aeration Method Aeration is the easiest, cheapest, and most natural way to lower pH without affecting your total alkalinity. The process basically involves …Sodium bicarbonate is only needed when you want to raise the alkalinity and not the pH. We do not recommend adding baking soda to your pool on a regular basis, ...Nov 26, 2021 ... That can be fixed by adding CO2 or muriatic acid. If the pH is low, the pool is too acidic. To correct the pH, add something alkaline, like soda ...May 6, 2022 · Muriatic acid is used to lower both the pH level and total alkalinity in a pool when they’re too high. Regardless of which strength acid you’re using, for every 0.1 reduction in pH, you’ll see an average 1.6ppm reduction in total alkalinity. Oftentimes, however, pool owners use muriatic acid primarily to reduce the pH level, knowing the ...The calculator will instantly provide you with the amount of baking soda needed in pounds. Amount of Baking Soda (in pounds) = (Pool Volume in gallons) x (Target pH – Current pH) / 10,000. Use the calculated value as a guide when adding baking soda to your pool. It’s always a good practice to add the baking soda in small increments ...Apr 1, 2023 · When borax dissolves in water, it releases sodium ions and borate ions. These borate ions act as a buffer, helping to stabilize the pH level and prevent it from fluctuating too much. Additionally, the borate ions react with the hydrogen ions in the water, which raises the pH level and increases the total alkalinity. May 5, 2022 · At some places even the life span of the pool will be decreased. Owing to such problems it is very necessary to raise the pH of pool water. Ways to Raise The pH. Aeration Process – Through the aeration process you can very easily raise the pH level of the pool. All you need to do is to turn on the water features and point the water jets ...In this guide, we’ll explain what causes pH levels to decrease and increase and how to test your pool’s pH level. But don’t worry, we won’t just leave you with the problems. We’ll also cover effective ways to raise pH level in your pool and prevent pH level fluctuations, so you can enjoy a safe and clean swimming experience all season ...Learn the ideal range, causes, and effects of low pH in swimming pools, and how to raise pH in your pool with sodium carbonate or sodium bicarbonate products. Follow the steps …In plain English, the formula states that the amount of borax needed is proportional to the difference between the current and target pH levels, the pool volume, and the concentration of borax used. Illustrative Examples. Suppose a pool owner wants to raise the pH level of their 5000-liter pool from 7.2 to 7.6 using 25% borax. Input Values: a ...If your holiday plans involve a trip to the public pool, you may be interested in a recent warning from the Centers for Disease Control. On Friday, the CDC released a report encour...In plain English, the formula states that the amount of borax needed is proportional to the difference between the current and target pH levels, the pool volume, and the concentration of borax used. Illustrative Examples. Suppose a pool owner wants to raise the pH level of their 5000-liter pool from 7.2 to 7.6 using 25% borax. Input Values: a ...Fountain: A fountain is a decorative aeration method that can also help to increase the pH level in the pool. It works by spraying water into the air, which helps to increase the oxygen content in the water and hence the pH level. Air Stone: An air stone is a small porous stone that is connected to an air pump.May 2, 2022 · Naturally with Baking Soda. If you want to go the cheaper route, the next best way to raise your pool’s pH is by adding a few simple household ingredients. Baking soda, also known as sodium bicarbonate, is a great choice for raising pH levels. Just add one pound of baking soda per 10,000 gallons of pool water to raise the pH by 0.2 points. Pool pH Level Raise Calculator. The recommended pH level for a pool typically falls between 7.4 and 7.6. This range is slightly above neutral (pH 7) and provides optimal swimmer comfort, effective sanitization, and water clarity. Pool Gallons: 1000 Gallons Current pH Level: 7.2.Feb 22, 2023 · Factors that Affect pH Levels in Pools. Chemical Additions: Adding chemicals to a pool can affect the pH level. For example, adding chlorine can raise the pH level, while adding acid can lower it. Weather: Rain, wind, and sunlight can all affect the pH level of pool water. Rainwater is naturally acidic, and can lower the pH level, while sunlight can cause …The optimal pH range for pool water is between 7.4 and 7.6. If your pH falls below this range, it’s considered too acidic, and corrective measures are necessary. Signs of Low pH Recognizing Low pH Levels. Low pH levels (below 7.4) can lead to problems like corroded pool equipment, skin and eye irritation, and reduced chlorine effectiveness. Nov 18, 2023 · Methods to Raise pH in Your Pool. If the pH level in your pool is too low, there are several methods you can use to raise it and bring it within the ideal range of 7.2 to 7.8. 1. Using Sodium Carbonate (Soda Ash) Sodium carbonate, also known as soda ash, is a common chemical that can be used to raise the pH level in your pool. Select Your Chemical of Choice. Your swimming pool’s pH level should be between 7.2 and 7.8 (7.6 is the ideal upper limit, but 7.8 is okay). In my calculator below, you’ll select which action you need to take and input your current and desired pH level. If your pH level is too high, you need to add muriatic acid to lower the pH level.Feb 1, 2024 · Test Your Pool Water: Use test strips, a liquid testing kit, or a digital test kit to assess your pool water’s pH level. Calculate the Dosage: Determine the required dosage based on your pool’s pH level and volume. For instance, 6 ounces of soda ash in a 10,000-gallon pool raises pH by 0.2 and total alkalinity by 5 ppm. Sep 17, 2009 · 4. Aerate to Raise pH. Another trick for raising pH is aeration. If you have any pool water features, turn them on. Point water jets towards the surface or add pipes over jets to direct the water to the surface—anything to get the water moving around the surface. This will drive carbon dioxide out of the water. Aeration will raise the pH in ... Step Two: Add pH Increaser. For most pool owners, adding a pH increaser is the easiest way to raise your pH level. You might need to add a small amount at a time, depending on your pool size and the initial pH level measured. Wait for about four hours and then test the pH level again. Repeat until the desired level is reached.Using Baking Soda: Mixing Ratio: Combine 1 tsp (4 g) of baking soda with 250 ml of water. Stir Thoroughly: Ensure proper mixing to form a solution. Application: Add the baking soda solution to your water, distributing it evenly. Monitor pH: Regularly test pH levels to achieve and maintain the desired alkalinity.When borax dissolves in water, it releases sodium ions and borate ions. These borate ions act as a buffer, helping to stabilize the pH level and prevent it from fluctuating too much. Additionally, the borate ions react with the hydrogen ions in the water, which raises the pH level and increases the total alkalinity.In this guide, we’ll explain what causes pH levels to decrease and increase and how to test your pool’s pH level. But don’t worry, we won’t just leave you with the problems. We’ll also cover effective ways to raise pH level in your pool and prevent pH level fluctuations, so you can enjoy a safe and clean swimming experience all season ...Knowing the current pH level of your pool is crucial before you begin adjusting the pH. To obtain an accurate reading, use a reliable pool water testing kit. The pH range that is ideal for pool water is typically between 7.4 and 7.6. Gather Your Materials. To raise the pH in your pool, you’ll need a few essential materials, including: How Do I Raise the PH in My Pool Without Alkalinity? Borax Has a PH Level of 9.5, so Adding It to Your Pool Will Raise Your PH Level Faster Than Aeration Alone, While Minimally Raising Alkalinity. It Will Add Borates to Your Pool, However. Conclusion. Pool owners should check the pH level regularly. Checking the pH level helps ensure that the ...The optimal pH range for pool water is between 7.4 and 7.6. If your pH falls below this range, it’s considered too acidic, and corrective measures are necessary. Signs of Low pH Recognizing Low pH Levels. Low pH levels (below 7.4) can lead to problems like corroded pool equipment, skin and eye irritation, and reduced chlorine effectiveness.What does pH-Balanced mean? Learn about what pH-Balanced means at HowStuffWorks. Advertisement If you think back to high school chemistry class, you may recall that pH is an abbrev...Aug 6, 2023 · Soda ash (or sodium carbonate) is the most common way to raise pH levels. Part 1 Testing Your Pool's pH Download Article 1 Test the pool water's pH level with test strips. Get pH testing strips at your local pool store, big-box store, or order them online. Calcium Up (Goal 200 - 400) Stablizer - 0 - add 6lbs. 4oz. Conditioner (Goal 30 - 100) Algea - Green - add 24oz. Algea Control. Algea Shock 0.0 - add 2lbs. ShockWave or use 3lbs. Super ShockWave. I have the TA pretty much in check now at 100, but need to raise the PH without raising the ALK any more.Jan 20, 2023 · Add soda ash to your pool for the most effective way to raise pH and alkalinity. Soda ash, or sodium carbonate, is similar to baking soda and can be used when your pool’s pH levels are low. Use 12 ounces (340 g) of soda ash for every 10,000 gallons (38,000 L) in your pool to raise the pH by 0.4. What does pH-Balanced mean? Learn about what pH-Balanced means at HowStuffWorks. Advertisement If you think back to high school chemistry class, you may recall that pH is an abbrev...Here are some natural ways to raise pH in your saltwater pool: Baking soda: Add baking soda to your pool to increase pH levels. Mix 1.5 pounds of baking soda for every 10,000 gallons of water in your pool. Be sure to add the baking soda to a bucket of water first to dissolve it before adding it to your pool.Jan 26, 2023 · Measure the pool’s pH level. The purpose of soda ash is primarily to raise your pool’s pH along with the alkalinity. If the pH is below the standard 7.2, your alkalinity will also be low. The pH should be between 7.2 and 7.8. pH test kits come in two types: ones that use liquid solutions, and ones that use dissolving tablets.The pool water is too acidic now. That means you balance it with alkaline substances. Raise pool pH with borax, soda ash or aerate the water. Washing soda and ...May 27, 2023 · Dip the pH strip into the pool water, ensuring it’s submerged for the time specified in the instructions. Remove the strip and gently shake off any excess water. Compare the strip’s color to the corresponding colors printed on the container. Generally, a safe pool pH range is between 7.2 and 7.8. The acceptable range for pool water pH is 7.2-7.8, and the ideal pool pH is between 7.4 and 7.6. Water below a pH of 7.2 is too acidic, stinging your eyes, damaging pool liners …Jun 5, 2019 ... Total Alkalinity Level · To lower your TA level, the most common chemical used is liquid Hydrochloric (Muriatic) Acid. Muriatic Acid is available ...Is the pH in your pool too low? Low pH means your water is acidic – and acidic water can corrode your pool equipment, wear down your liner, erode metal and c...Learn how to raise the pH level in your pool using chemicals such as baking soda, soda ash, or borax. Find out the ideal pH range, the best products to use, …Apr 6, 2022 · The best way to do this is by installing the best acid-neutralizer for well water. These typically use such filter media as calcite, calcium carbonate (ground limestone), or magnesia (magnesium oxide) to increase the pH of your incoming well water. These types of filter media dissolve slightly when water contacts them to help naturally raise ...For example, if you want to increase the pH from 7.0 to 7.4 in a 20,000-gallon swimming pool, you will need to add 24 ounces of soda ash, whereas if you only …WEBSITE: http://www.swimmingpoollearning.com/YouTube Video Index -- A list of all of my videos: http://poolmandave.blogspot.com/2014/03/swimming-pool-tips-re...A general rule is that it takes between one and one and a half pounds of sodium bicarbonate to raise alkalinity by 10 PPM in a 10,000-gallon pool. If you are unsure of the amount to use, use a smaller amount, wait to recheck the alkalinity levels and adjust accordingly. 3. Add it to the pool. pH balance is crucial in maintaining a healthy and safe swimming pool. A high pH level can lead to cloudy water, scaling, and can even reduce the effectiveness of your sanitizer. On the other hand, a low pH level can cause skin irritation, corrosion of pool surfaces, and can be uncomfortable to swim in. Feb 12, 2023 · 5. Your pH Level Is Too High. Chlorine works best at lower pH levels. In fact, chlorine is incredibly potent in acidic water, but this would be a far lower pH level than you’d want to see in a pool. A pH level of 7.2 to 7.8 offers the best balance between chlorine effectiveness and swimmer comfort.Mar 26, 2023 · Step 4: Read the test results and record them accurately. The test results will indicate the pH and alkalinity levels in your pool water. Step 5: Adjust the pool water chemistry if necessary. If the pH and alkalinity levels are too low, add a pH increaser or alkalinity increaser to the pool water. Liquid chlorine and bleach (sodium hypochlorite) have a pH of 11.0 to nearly 13.0 so it is logical to think that they will raise the pH of the pool water. The ...Mar 21, 2023 · Add Baking Soda or Soda Ash. Baking soda and soda ash are two solutions you can add to water to raise a pool's pH. You can add either one directly to the pool. For the best results, walk around the edge while you dump the chemicals to distribute them evenly. Add 1.5 pounds of baking soda per 10,000 gallons of water. Acid low- ers alkalinity be the same ppm regardless of starting pH. If the starting pH is changed from 7.5 to 8.0, it would still take 102.6 fl oz to change ...Jan 30, 2021 · A general guideline is adding 6 oz. of soda ash per 10,000 gallons of water to raise the TA by 5 ppm. This amount will also raise the pH level by 0.2. Wear rubber gloves and goggles for protection. After you’ve measured how much you think you’ll need, you can dilute it or add it directly to the pool. You will need to know the size of your pool and the level of your pH. When you have those two numbers, you can move on to step 3. Purchase some soda ash or …In plain English, the formula states that the amount of borax needed is proportional to the difference between the current and target pH levels, the pool volume, and the concentration of borax used. Illustrative Examples. Suppose a pool owner wants to raise the pH level of their 5000-liter pool from 7.2 to 7.6 using 25% borax. Input Values: a ...First, you need to make sure you're testing the pH level in your pool daily and sometimes more than once a day if the pool is getting a lot of use. With a pool water test kit, you can check the pH in less than 5-minutes every day and know exactly if it's too high or too low. Second, if you have a pH reading of between 7.2 and 7.8, leave it be ... Lowering total alkalinity is a two-step process. The first step is to lower pH by adding muriatic acid. Lowering pH will make your pool water more acidic and neutralize the alkaline materials in your pool. You should aim to lower your pH to a range of 7.0 to 7.2. The second step is to aerate your pool or hot tub to break up the remaining ...The process of raising free chlorine levels in a pool is called shocking the pool. Shocking should be done once a week during the summer, with adjustments for weather conditions, n...Adjust pH levels first: If your pool’s pH level is too low (below 7.2), add sodium carbonate or baking soda to raise it. For pH levels over 7.8, add muriatic acid or sodium bisulfate to lower it back down. Address alkalinity next: If the total alkalinity in your pool is too low (below 80 ppm), add baking soda to achieve a range of 80-120 ppm ...Oct 21, 2021 · If you are looking for how to raise pH in a pool with baking soda, the general rule is to add 1.5 lbs per 10,000 gallons of water. This will increase the ppm in your pool by 10 ppm. If your pool is testing below 7.2 pH, you need to add 3-4 pounds of baking soda. Oct 21, 2021 · If you are looking for how to raise pH in a pool with baking soda, the general rule is to add 1.5 lbs per 10,000 gallons of water. This will increase the ppm in your pool by 10 ppm. If your pool is testing below 7.2 pH, you need to add 3-4 pounds of baking soda. Sep 6, 2016 ... Simply doing things like pointing the returns upwards and running the pump on high to create surface disturbance will aerate the water ...The pH scale ranges from 0-14, with 0 being highly acidic and 14 being highly alkaline. At the middle of the pH scale, at 7, substances are considered neutral. Water itself is considered neutral. Pure, distilled water should ideally read at 7.0, but once exposed to the environment, many factors can influence the pH of water. Apr 25, 2022 · 8 Likely Causes for High pH in a Pool. There are dozens of possible reasons for rising pH in your pool, but many of them are unlikely at best. Here are the most common reasons: 1. You Recently Shocked Your Pool. Shocking your pool is a necessary part of your regular maintenance schedule. It “resets” your water’s sanitizing power by ...Jun 2, 2023 · Rick Patterson Are you trying to get a handle on pH? This is a complete beginner’s guide to pH in your pool, what it means, why it’s important, how it works, and how to adjust it. Quick answer: Your pH level indicates how acidic or basic your pool water is, impacing everything from chlorine effectiveness to water clarity. Feb 23, 2023 · Here are some natural ways to raise pH in your saltwater pool: Baking soda: Add baking soda to your pool to increase pH levels. Mix 1.5 pounds of baking soda for every 10,000 gallons of water in your pool. Be sure to add the baking soda to a bucket of water first to dissolve it before adding it to your pool. The process of raising free chlorine levels in a pool is called shocking the pool. Shocking should be done once a week during the summer, with adjustments for weather conditions, n...Feb 21, 2023 · A step-by-step guide on how to raise ph in your pool with three inexpensive solutions: Soda ash, baking soda, or pH increaser. Skip to content FREE SHIPPING IN USA & CANADA - 30 DAYS RETURN POLICYIn general, you add about 1 pound of soda ash per 10,000 gallons of pool water to raise the pH by 0.1. Conclusion [sc:ad_leaderboard_google] Raising your swimming pool pH is often needed, as the pH may drift downward over time due to a variety of reasons. You need to test pH regularly, and correct pH as soon as possible, to avoid pool equipment ...In short, pH measures acidity. In pool chemistry, the pH, or potential of hydrogen, scale tells you how acidic or basic your swimming pool water is. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. For proper swimming pool pH, the ideal level is somewhere in the 7.2 to 7.4 range. Pool water that has a pH below 7 is acidic and above 7 is ...Turn on your pool pump and allow it to circulate the water for at least 2-4 hours. This will help to distribute the pH increaser evenly throughout the pool, ensuring the pH level is raised consistently. Step 6: Retest and Adjust as Needed. After the pool water has circulated for a sufficient time, retest the pH level using your pool test kit or ...To bring down pH, use a made-for-pools chemical additive called pH reducer (or pH minus). The main active ingredients in pH reducers are either muriatic acid or ...To bring down pH, use a made-for-pools chemical additive called pH reducer (or pH minus). The main active ingredients in pH reducers are either muriatic acid or ...To raise the PH of a 10,000-gallon pool by 0.1, I’ve found that about 1.5 pounds of baking soda generally does the trick. I often use online pool calculators to ensure the calculations are accurate. 3. Preparing the Baking Soda. It’s crucial to dissolve the baking soda in water before adding it to the pool.Firstly, you must gather all the necessary equipment to raise the pH level without affecting Alkalinity. Make sure you obtain a CO2 cylinder pressure regulator as well as diffusion. After obtaining all the essential equipment, you must connect the regulated to the CO2 cylinder & then attach the diffuser to the regulator outlet.Aug 3, 2023 · Firstly, you must gather all the necessary equipment to raise the pH level without affecting Alkalinity. Make sure you obtain a CO2 cylinder pressure regulator as well as diffusion. After obtaining all the essential equipment, you must connect the regulated to the CO2 cylinder & then attach the diffuser to the regulator outlet. Mar 26, 2021 · Step 1: Test pH levels. You cannot balance your pool pH when you don’t even know if it’s low or high. So, the first step to raising pool pH is to test your pool water. Use the digital test kit to test the water pH – follow the directions on the owner’s manual. If the reading is below 7.2, the pH needs raising. Jun 5, 2019 ... Total Alkalinity Level · To lower your TA level, the most common chemical used is liquid Hydrochloric (Muriatic) Acid. Muriatic Acid is available ...

In this video I'll show you just how easy it is to raise or lower the Ph of your pool without impacting the Alkalinity too much.Links:Testing Your Pool Water.... Crochet granny squares

how to raise ph in pool

In general, you add about 1 pound of soda ash per 10,000 gallons of pool water to raise the pH by 0.1. Conclusion [sc:ad_leaderboard_google] Raising your swimming pool pH is often needed, as the pH may drift downward over time due to a variety of reasons. You need to test pH regularly, and correct pH as soon as possible, to avoid pool equipment ...In addition to muriatic acid, there are alternative methods for adjusting pH levels in your pool. Aeration, achieved by directing return jets upward, can raise ...How to raise your pools pH. There are two main ways to raise/increase the pH in your swimming pool. The first is to use chemicals, typically called a pH increaser, pH plus or pH raise, the most common of which is soda ash. The general rule of thumb when adding soda ash to your pool is, 1 pound of soda ash for every 10,000 gallons of pool water ...The calculator will instantly provide you with the amount of baking soda needed in pounds. Amount of Baking Soda (in pounds) = (Pool Volume in gallons) x (Target pH – Current pH) / 10,000. Use the calculated value as a guide when adding baking soda to your pool. It’s always a good practice to add the baking soda in small increments ...Getting the perfect pool balance is no easy feat. With so many factors to consider, it’s easy for things to get out of whack. One key factor that affects your pool water chemistry is pH. Maintaining a proper pH level in your pool is crucial not only for swimmer comfort but also for keeping the water healthy and sanitary.Apr 7, 2023 · Pool water pH is one of the best measures of balanced water. The pH of a human tear is 7.5, so the ideal range for best swimmer comfort is between 7.4 - 7.6. But 7.2 - 7.8 is also considered an acceptable pool water range. Maintaining proper pH levels is essential for swimmer comfort, protection of pool equipment and effectiveness of the …1. The Aeration Method Aeration is the easiest, cheapest, and most natural way to lower pH without affecting your total alkalinity. The process basically involves …If CYA levels are too low, you risk algae infestations, weak chlorine sanitization, and imbalanced pH levels. You can raise CYA levels using two methods: 1) adding pure cyanuric acid or 2) using stabilized chlorine. Maintain the right CYA levels by regularly testing the water, using a pool cover, and avoiding overusing other chemicals.Lowering total alkalinity is a two-step process. The first step is to lower pH by adding muriatic acid. Lowering pH will make your pool water more acidic and neutralize the alkaline materials in your pool. You should aim to lower your pH to a range of 7.0 to 7.2. The second step is to aerate your pool or hot tub to break up the remaining ...Sep 13, 2021 · Baking Soda (Sodium Bicarbonate) is used to raise alkalinity and also slightly raise pH. And Soda Ash (Sodium Carbonate) is used to raise pH and slightly raise alkalinity. For example, getting a pH reading around 7.2 to 7.6 in 10,000 gallons (37,854 liters) of pool water would take roughly 21 pounds of baking soda.Nov 10, 2022 · 3. Add the Sodium Bisulfate to Your Pool. Once you have the appropriate amount of sodium bisulfate dissolved, slowly add it to your pool. The pH level should decrease if done correctly in just a few hours. You should add the sodium bisulfate mixture near the pool jets in the deepest part of the pool.Nov 18, 2023 · Methods to Raise pH in Your Pool. If the pH level in your pool is too low, there are several methods you can use to raise it and bring it within the ideal range of 7.2 to 7.8. 1. Using Sodium Carbonate (Soda Ash) Sodium carbonate, also known as soda ash, is a common chemical that can be used to raise the pH level in your pool. Feb 21, 2023 · A step-by-step guide on how to raise ph in your pool with three inexpensive solutions: Soda ash, baking soda, or pH increaser. Skip to content FREE SHIPPING IN USA & CANADA - 30 DAYS RETURN POLICYOften low pH is a result of acid rain and occurs after periods of heavy precipitation. The normal tendency of pool water pH is to rise through exposure to wind, ...Pool water pH is one of the best measures of balanced water. The pH of a human tear is 7.5, so the ideal range for best swimmer comfort is between 7.4 - 7.6. But 7.2 - 7.8 is also considered an acceptable pool water range. Maintaining proper pH levels is essential for swimmer comfort, protection of pool equipment and effectiveness of the chlorine.Aerating the pool water is my preferred way to increase pH in a pool. It takes longer but it is free and simple to do. Simply turn your return nozzles up so ...The ideal pH level for your pool water is slightly basic at somewhere between 7.2 to 7.8. ... Adding sodium carbonate is another common way to increase alkalinity in a pool, but carbonates will simultaneously raise your pH level. This can be useful if both your total alkalinity and pH are low..

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